What is Zeeman Effect? Also with its Different Types and Physical Concepts

What is the Zeeman Effect? And How it is Observed:

In 1896, the Zeeman Effect was observed by the Dutch Physicist Pieter Zeeman. During the atom's place in an external Magnetic field, this is excited, in the deexcitation process the spectral lines emit and split into multiple components. These multiple components were set by their frequencies.

 The Zeeman Effect is the phenomenon where the atomic energy levels in a molecule split a large number of energy molecules under the magnetic field applied, resulting is that the splitting of the spectral lines association. Moreover, the splitting of the atomic lines involves two or more components in the existence of an intense magnetic field. 

What are the Physical Concepts of Zeeman Effects?

For Zeeman Effects the Supporting Physical Concepts are understood below:

• Atomic Dipole Moment
• The basic structure of atom and nomenclature
• Transition of an electron in several states and selection rule
• With external Magnetic field interaction of  atomic dipole moment
• Distribution of this interaction in the total or overall energy of the atom
• In terms of frequencies the emitted radiation interpretation

The multiple or several spectral lines in the magnetic field from the excited atom have the basic concepts that need to be described and understood. 

Types of Zeeman Effect:

There are two types of the Zeeman Effect:

1. Normal Zeeman Effect
2. Anomalous Zeeman Effect

1. Normal Zeeman Effects:

In Normal Zeeman Effects, the single-line emission from the excited state to the ground state we observe the transition of electrons when an external magnetic field is absent. Yet where the atom in the magnetic field is placed then we observe that:

• When viewing two lines parallel to the magnetic field, these lines mean two lines are known as Sigma Lines. 
• When three lines are perpendicular to the magnetic field, then the central line is known as the Pi Line. Rather the two extreme lines are known as Sigma Lines.

When an external magnetic field is strong compared to the internal magnetic field of the atom then Normal Zeeman Effects we observe. 

2. Anomalous Zeeman Effect:

Whther, the applied external magnetic field is weak next to the atom magnetic field are split the spectral line into multiple or several components. 

Applications of the Zeeman Effect:

1. Astrophysics:

The Zeeman Effect was first noticed the George Ellery Hale in Solar Spectra. The existence of strong magnetic fields in sunspots is indicating. Like fields are quite high in the order of 0.1 higher or tesla. While the normal Zeeman Effect is utilized to generate magnetograms that view the magnetic field of the Sun. 

2. Laser Cooling:

The Zeeman Effect is used in laser cooling applications many of which as Zeeman's slower and magneto-optical trap. 

Zeeman Effect Interaction:

The external magnetic field will apply a torque on magnetic potential energy and the magnetic dipole. Then results in 

                                                                   U(Ө)  =  -μ.B   

With the orbital angular momentum the magnetic dipole moment is associated is:

                                       

In the Z-direction, the magnetic field is given as 

Let the quantization of the angular momentum and nearly spaced energy levels from the zero field level by that 

The above displacement of the energy levels provides constant spaced splitting of the spectral lines that are known as the Zeeman Effect. In many cases, the Zeeman Effect contributes because the magnetic field also interacts with the electron spin magnetic moment. At the time of the Original experiment of the Zeeman Effect the electron spin had not been discovered, therefore this contributed to the anomalous effect. This is known as the ''Anomalous Zeeman Effect''. The Zeeman Interaction in general involves both orbital and spin momentum:

The Factors that we explain for producing the magnetic moment is effective is known as spin g-factor. The strong magnetic fields that coupling is breakout to approach in another. This strong field effect is called the Paschen-Back Effect. 

Conclusion of Zeeman Effect:

As the Zeeman Effect occurs in the process there is never a spin magnetic moment. Yet the magnetic moment of the orbit of an electron and the magnetic moment of the electron spin are also present in this case. This finding out that space quantization leads to splitting the electronic energy levels of the atom in many of the multiple components in the existence of an external magnetic field. More if you want to know about great working of Solar Cell.